Long‐term balanced fertilization increases the soil microbial functional diversity in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil

The influence of long‐term chemical fertilization on soil microbial communities has been one of the frontier topics of agricultural and environmental sciences and is critical for linking soil microbial flora with soil functions. In this study, 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and a functional gene array, geochip 4.0, were used to investigate the shifts in microbial composition and functional gene structure in paddy soils with different fertilization treatments over a 22‐year period. These included a control without fertilizers; chemical nitrogen fertilizer (N); N and phosphate (NP); N and potassium (NK); and N, P and K (NPK). Based on 16S rRNA gene data, both species evenness and key genera were affected by P fertilization. Functional gene array‐based analysis revealed that long‐term fertilization significantly changed the overall microbial functional structures. Chemical fertilization significantly increased the diversity and abundance of most genes involved in C, N, P and S cycling, especially for the treatments NK and NPK. Significant correlations were found among functional gene structure and abundance, related soil enzymatic activities and rice yield, suggesting that a fertilizer‐induced shift in the microbial community may accelerate the nutrient turnover in soil, which in turn influenced rice growth. The effect of N fertilization on soil microbial functional genes was mitigated by the addition of P fertilizer in this P‐limited paddy soil, suggesting that balanced chemical fertilization is beneficial to the soil microbial community and its functions.     

中国淫羊藿属药用植物花粉特征及其分类学意义

淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物多为常用药材,分类和药材鉴定较为困难。该文采用扫描电镜对中国产淫羊藿属31种药用植物花粉的形态、大小和表面纹饰等进行了比较观察。结果显示:(1)淫羊藿属植物花粉形态多为长球形,少数为球形,大小为(15.5~25.0)×(27.3~48.1)μm,极面观多为三裂圆形,具三孔沟。(2)花粉粒外壁表面纹饰有网状、条网状、条纹状等类型。(3)花粉粒外壁纹饰如网眼的形状、大小和网脊表面特征等在各物种间有一定差异。研究结果为淫羊藿属药材鉴定与植物分类提供了重要的参考。     

江苏省生态文明建设水平指标体系构建与评估

生态文明建设是近期学者、政府和公众关注的焦点,科学评价区域生态文明发展水平、明确关键制约因素是推动生态文明建设的基础。以地处中国东部沿海的江苏省为例,在全面分析已有指标体系的基础上,综合考虑关联性、针对性、适用性和可获性,构建包含生态经济、生态环境、生态生活、生态文化和生态制度在内的指标体系,对2007年、2012年江苏省生态文明建设水平和各指标的进步率进行评价。结果表明:江苏省生态文明建设水平迅速提高,生态文化和生态生活水平提升最快,生态经济和生态制度文明水平有一定增加,而生态环境改善较慢;江苏生态文明建设水平处于全国中等偏上位置,但资源消耗和污染物产生强度仍然较高、生态环境质量并未得到实质性改善、绿色生活方式尚有待提升、有利于生态建设和环境保护的生态文明制度尚未系统建立。推动发展方式转型、加强生态环境保护和完善生态制度是未来推动生态文明建设的重点工作。     

应用基于粒子群优化的支持向量机算法识别真核生物基因的RNA聚合酶II启动子序列

启动子是调节基因表达的重要元件,对其的研究对于阐明基因转录调控机制具有重要意义。作者依据RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子序列特性选取高效的特征提取方法,构建了基于粒子群优化的支持向量机(particle swarm optimization-support vector machine,PSO-SVM)新方法,用以识别真核生物基因RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子。结合5-折交叉检验方法,得到启动子-外显子、启动子-内含子和启动子-基因间序列的分类准确率分别为97.1%、96.7%和98.8%,其马修斯相关系数分别为0.962、0.934和0.976。结果说明,对比其它启动子识别方法,PSO-SVM方法更能有效地识别真核生物基因启动子。     

肉鸭发酵床抗生素、重金属累积及细菌耐药性的演变特性

【目的】了解肉鸭发酵床使用过程中抗生素、各类金属元素累积特性,细菌抗生素耐受性演变特性。【方法】2011年11月至2013年7月,江苏某肉鸭发酵床养殖场饲养肉鸭期间,选取刚制作完成发酵床的鸭舍,和饲养4批次、8批次肉鸭时的鸭舍,检测发酵床中抗生素、金属元素含量,及发酵床中细菌的抗生素耐受水平。【结果】肉鸭发酵床垫料内强力霉素残留量因每批次肉鸭饲料中的使用而显著上升,氧氟沙星未现在垫料内累积。发酵床垫料饲养至8批次肉鸭时,垫料内耐受16、100μg/m L强力霉素三种可培养细菌的平均菌落数与比例为最高,而耐受8、50μg/m L氧氟沙星的平均菌落数、菌落数比例未现明显的增长趋势。发酵床使用过程中,垫料内As、Pb、Hg元素含量未显著增加,Cd元素检测量极低,Zn、Mn元素含量增加趋势明显,Cu、Cr元素累积速度缓慢。【结论】每批次使用强力霉素可在多批次肉鸭饲养后显著增加发酵床垫料中强力霉素含量,显著增强垫料中肠道菌群耐受强力霉素能力,Zn、Mn元素含量总体呈上升趋势。